Essay about Israels Land, Culture, History, and Religion

The record of human habitation in Israel is at least 100,000 years, old. Evidence of the domestication of plants and animals can be dated to about 10,000 BC. The State of Israel, an independent nation in southwest Asia, is located between the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf of an arm of the Red Sea. Israel is considered the Holy Land for Christians, Jews, and Muslims {1}. Which includes religious representation of most of the worlds entire population. To reflect on all the different aspects of the cultural and historical geography of Israel would certainly be out of the scope of this tiny paper so, general information will then be discussed below. ITS LAND Israel is a small country (a small country as†¦show more content†¦Hermon which reaches an elevation in Israeli territory of 2,224 meters above sea level (almost identical to Mt. Kosciusko) and includes Israels one and only snow ski slopes {3}. Israels major drainage system is the interior basin formed as the Jordan River flows southward; it empties first into the Hula Basin and then into the freshwater Sea of Galilee. The river then proceeds to the Dead Sea, the most saline body of water in the world. The Sea of Galilee is connected, through a complex of pumping stations and reservoirs, to Israels aquifers in the west, providing water to almost half of the countrys agricultural land {4}. The climate in Israel varies from north to south. In winter, the southern half of country remains under the subtropical high, but weather in the northern half is influenced by periodic depressions that pass over the Mediterranean, bringing moderate rainfall. Winter temperatures range from about 45 degrees Fahrenheit to 60 degrees. In the summer the entire area is dominated by a subtropical high that brings cloudless skies and no precipitation. Summer temperatures are 74 degrees to +90 degree temps. The Dead Seas climate is one of the hottest regions in the world, especially during the summer. The northern highlands and northern coastal areas receive more than 16 inches of rain a year. The highest northern highlands receive more than 40 inches each year {1}. Most of the original evergreen forestsShow MoreRelatedEssay on A Two State Solution1140 Words   |  5 Pagesa movement into the promised land known as Palestine to reclaim their ancestral homeland (The Origin of..). After moving into Palestine Zionists started to create an exclusive Jewish state, however the Arab community caught on to the movement and opposed this by not allowing Jewish immigration into Palestine along with not permitting them to buy land. Thus one can see the struggle Palestine and Israel are involved in currently, which has transformed the Promised Land into a place with extreme terrorismRead MoreThe Birthplace Of Christianity : Israel1367 Words   |  6 Pages Israel has very fertile and mountainous land around the Middle East and their population is 7,821,850. Israel can be ran North to South in 2 days and East to West in 2 hours. Some of Israel’s important rivers are the Jordan, Qishon, Yarqon, and the Yarmuk River. The Jordan River forms part of the country’s eastern border, separating Israel and the West Bank from the Jordan River. The Jordan usually runs southward through the Great Rift Valley. Israel’s climate is hot and dry in the summer and wetRead MoreTaking a Look at Ancient Israel1328 Words   |  5 PagesJewish religion makes Israel’s culture in 722 B.C. - 540 B.C. distinctive. Israel’s religion is important in the fact that it started the Catholic culture. 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The hills of Galilee are largely composedRead MoreArab Israeli Conflict Between Arab Nations And Israel1508 Words   |  7 PagesArab-Israeli Conflict The Arab-Israeli conflict refers to the political tension and military conflicts amongst certain Arab nations and Israel. The conflict began as a struggle over land, or the area now known as Palestine. This conflict began at the end of the nineteenth century with the rise of Zionism and Arab nationalism. Arab nationalism was a reaction response to Zionism in relation to this conflict. While the Arab nation initiated four wars, Israel defended itself and won each time. WhatRead MoreThe Israeli Palestinian Conflict : A Long And Storied History1241 Words   |  5 Pages The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has a long and storied history. Israel was created in response to European anti-Semitism, with the ethno-nationalist vision of a Jewish territory of their own. 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Economic, Environmental And Social Aspects Of Wellbeing

1.0 Introduction and background The aim of this report is to discover the inequalities in Africa. This will be done by analysing the 3 main topics economic, environmental and social aspects of wellbeing in Africa. Located on the southern end of the African continent, north of Zimbabwe and Mozambique and surrounded by Atlantic ocean and Indian ocean is a continent that Covers 1 221 040 square kilometres. South Africa only takes over 4%of the lands area but is 3 times the size of Texas and 5 times bigger than Great Britain. The estimated population of South Africa in 2013 was 52.982 it shows a big growing raise throughout each year. This country holds a variety of different races and religions like white, dark, Christian and some other major religions. 2.0 focus of study In this report it will cover 3 different topics economic, environmental and social to give a clean explanation of what inequalities and wellbeing is. Inequalities in wellbeing is the different amounts of wellbeing in each country, some parts will be very good and others will be poor. Inequalities is saying one part of a country could be very wealthy and have a lot of supply’s and goods but the other half of the country could be struggling and be poor it just depends where you are in the worlds, how well your links are with water, food, education and a good paying job. 3.0 study area This report is based on one country and its discussing the different ways inequalityShow MoreRelatedHow is sustainable development linked to ecological footprint?1552 Words   |  7 Pagescompromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.† In this definition, two challenges are worth nothing: meeting the needs of world’s poor, as well as the environmental limitations brought about by technological advancements and social organizations. 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Improving Quality of Health Care Services Free Essays

Improving Quality of Health Care Services The U. S. leads the way in many areas into the future of economy, wealth and civilization. We will write a custom essay sample on Improving Quality of Health Care Services or any similar topic only for you Order Now America spends more on heath care than any other nation with quality and safety being a key focus. Nevertheless, evidence of improvement of decreased errors is limited. We lack answers to financial stability and providing quality health care to all (Becher Chassin, 2001). Nationally, everyone is engaged in improving the quality and safety of healthcare. We need to be awakened to preventing errors and providing safer care (Laureate, 2009). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the initiative to improve quality and safety of health care with the â€Å"Six Dimensions of Goodness in Healthcare. † A quality and/or safety initiative Healthcare facilities are engaging in the prevention of medical errors and providing better care. Many institutions are implementing process improvement focused on six key dimensions to enhance the quality and safety in their healthcare setting (Laureate, 2009). The six dimensions are: Safety-to avoid injury to patients from the care that is intended to help them; Timeliness-to reduce waits and harmful delays; Effectiveness-to provide services based on scientific knowledge to all who could benefit and refrain from providing services to those not likely to benefit (avoiding overuse and underuse, respectively); Efficiency-to avoid waste; Equitability-to provide care that does not vary in quality because of personal characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, geographical location, and socioeconomic status; and Patient centeredness-to provide care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values (Madhok, 2002). Reasons for the initiative The Institute of Medicine (IOM) has a growing concern about medical errors. The IOM report â€Å"Crossing the Quality Chasm,† asked for a basis change, recommending that the delivery of health care be based on six key dimensions. We have an interaction between the errors of individuals and system flaws that need to be prevented. We need to strengthen our defense systems (Madhok, 2002). The report, â€Å"To Err is Human† estimated that 44,000 Americans die per year as a result of medical errors. More deaths occur in a given year from medical errors than from motor vehicle accidents, breast cancer, or AIDS. National costs of preventable medical errors were estimated between $17 billion – $29 billion (Madhok, 2002). Healthcare institutions are embracing new initiatives for safer care based on the six dimensions. Healthcare systems are implementing the six dimensions as a basic initiative to improve quality. The IOM states that American healthcare must make vast changes to have clinically safe and quality care (Madhok, 2002). The six dimensions can influence and direct the overall process of improvement (Laureate, 2009). Payment systems such as Pay for Performance are causing facilities to incorporate the six dimensions. Pay for Performance initiatives advocate financial rewards to hospitals demonstrating outstanding preventative and care giving practices (Sultz Young, 2011). Poor outcomes with medication errors, skin breakdown, patient falls, isolation procedures, and drug protocols can effect payment to hospitals (Laureate Education Inc, 2009). High quality medical care at an affordable cost is a growing goal for healthcare institutions. Effective, safe, and affordable health care leads to higher patient satisfaction (Quality Initiatives, 2004). Strengths and limitations of the initiative The six dimensions encourage a strong focus on health care quality and error prevention. They encourage policymakers, purchasers, regulators, health professionals, health care trustees, management, and consumers to commit to a national system level of process improvement for quality health care. They encourage a shared agenda to pursue safer care (Madhok, 2002). This can cause facilities wanting independence limitations. Overuse of fee-for-service has been associated with higher rates of variety of health services. Americans are fascinated with technology and often want something done whether it is the best choice of care. Health care providers accommodate consumers. A more unified system could provide better care. It could decrease spending and limit the freedom to choose any type of care one desires (Becher, Chassin, 2001). A fragmented healthcare system needs to come together to provide equal access and care to all U. S. citizens (Laureate, 2009). The six dimensions promote a high level of performance leading to better quality performance and a process of care measures. Healthcare is â€Å"raising the bar† for better care with enhanced collaboration, benchmarking, and facility board goals to support the dimensions (Jiang, 2010). Quality goals such as Zero central line infections zero sepsis is encouraging a higher level of care instead of being satisfied with average outcomes of care (Jiang, 2010). Role of nursing Health care is a team sport. Nursing needs to be part of the team and be actively involved in preventing harm to patients (Laureate, 2009). Effective leadership with health care change needs to come from those engaged in providing health care to patients (Becher Chassi, 2001). Nursing should be a part of identifying the error cause, gathering data, and making goals to prevent subsequent errors (NCC MERP, 2002). Nursing can be more aware and involved in prevention. Nursing can adopt higher standards and have an attitude of prevention concerning errors. Patients should not ever leave a health care facility in a condition worse than they arrived. U. S. health care must improve their standards of care (Laureate, 2009). Nursing can be a part of better communication and handoff’s. The patient has often been the communication link to give report to the next caregiver (Becher, E. Chassin, M. , 2001). Bedside nurses need empowerment to provide care and be involved in creating policies for better care. Nurses need more education, to get more involved in National groups that can affect policy, and to participate in research. Nurses have a great responsibility for safe healthcare. They have an opportunity to make a difference (Laureate, 2009). Nursing should be a part of identifying the error cause, gathering data, and making goals to prevent subsequent errors (NCC MERP, 2002). Summary – 10 point The second IOM report â€Å"Crossing the Quality Chasm,† asked for a fundamental change, recommending that the delivery of health care in the 21st century be based on six key dimensions (Madhok, 2002). The key dimensions are safety, effectiveness, patient centeredness, timeliness, efficiency, and equitability (Laureate, 2009). Healthcare systems are implementing the six dimensions as a basic initiative to improve quality and safety and direct the overall process of improvement of care (Laureate, 2009). We have an interaction between the errors of individuals and system flaws that need to be prevented. We need to strengthen our defense systems (Madhok, 2002). A fragmented healthcare system needs to come together to provide equal access and care to all U. S. citizens (Laureate, 2009). Nurses can be a large part of implementing the six dimensions. Nurses have a great responsibility for safe healthcare. They have an opportunity to make a difference (Laureate, 2009). The six dimensions of goodness can assist the U. S. to improve quality and safety in the healthcare system. References Becher, E. Chassin, M. (2001) Improving quality, minimizing error: Making it happen. Health Affair(20)3 68-81. Retrieved on February 5, 2011 from http://content. healthaffairs. org/content/20/3/68. full. pdf Becher, E. Chassin, M. (2001). Improving the quality of health care: Who will lead? Health Affairs, 20(5), 1-6. Retrieved from Walden University Library website: http://web. ebscohost. com. ezp. waldenlibrary. org. Jiang, H. (2010). Enhancing quality oversight. Healthcare Executive (3) 80-83. Retrieved from Walden University Library website: http://web. ebscohost. com. ezp. waldenlibrary. org. Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2009). The context of healthcare delivery. Baltimore: Author. Madhok, R. ( 2002). Crossing the quality chasm: lessons from health care quality improvement efforts in England. PubmedCentral – Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. Retrieved on February 6, 2011 from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1276338/ NCC MERP. National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention. (2002). Retrieved on February 2, 2011 from http://www. nccmerp. rg/council/council2002-06-11. htm Quality initiatives in healthcare management, (2004, March). Healthcare Management. Retrieved on February 4, 2011 from http://www. expresshealthcaremgmt. com/20040331/qualitymanagement01. shtml Redman, R. (2008). Experience and expertise: how do they relate to quality and safety? Research and Theory for Nursing practice: An International Journal, 22 (4), 222-224. Retrieved from Walden University Library website: http://web. ebscohost. com. ezp. waldenlibrary. org. Sultz, H. A. , Young, K. M. (2011). Health care USA: Understanding its organization and delivery (7th ed. ). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. 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Haier in India free essay sample

Case Report 1. Haier in India: building presence in mass market beyond China 1. Why did Haier enter India? What did it plan to achieve in this new market? Haier entered the global markets and started an internationalization strategy in the 1990s. Starting from European countries including Italy, the United Kingdom, and France, it stretched over even to the Asian market and opened its first manufacturing facility in Indonesia. Although the first entrance into the Asian market was in 1996, it did not enter the Indian market until early 2004.There were many reasons why Haier didn’t, and one of them is the high tariffs and barriers that stopped it from doing so. But in 1991, after a balance of payment crisis that situated India in debt with large loans from international agencies, India went through some policy changes of internationalization. These changes finally allowed wholly owned foreign entities and treated them like local companies. Even after the barrier reduction, Haier hesitated in entering India, but in 2004 Haier entered the Indian market at last. There are many reasons why Haier made the step to actually go into the Indian market. First of all, a series of policy changes in the 1990s definitely opened the doors and set the environment that made it possible for Haier, a foreign company, to enter the Indian market. In addition to that, the Indian market itself was in a favorable state for Haier. Around 2003-2004, India had rising disposable income, an expanding middle class, and a relatively low entry barrier in the white goods market. These conditions were very attractive for Haier to launch its new facility in India.This kind of approach stemmed from the inverted duty structure, whereby the imported parts of a product were taxed, but a finished product imported whole would be duty-free. A heavy tax burden played a role in making Haier use this kind of strategy too. And eventually in 2007, when sales volume grew large enough to justify local production costs, Haier acquired a manufacturing facility at Ranjangoan in the Pune district of Maharashtra. The step Haier took in acquiring a factory in India turned out to be profitable and beneficial.It served not only as a source of supply for the Indian market, but also as a sourcing hub to markets in Africa, the Middle East, and Southern and Western Asia. It allowed Haier to reduce the delivery time and better serve its broader global network of clients. Having a new factory in one of the Indian government’s technology parks also allowed Haier to import capital goods, raw materials, and components duty-free, and to receive tax exemptions on export profits or refunds on central sales tax.The next step Haier took in its strategy was to create a name brand in the host market. Under the brand message â€Å"Inspired Living†, Zhang and Banerjee tried to use the Chinese identity as strength in stead of a weakness. Haier recognized the liability that came with the â€Å"Made in China† label, undertook a strategy of acquiring household brands in overseas markets to leave its â€Å"Chinese-ness† behind, and tried to appear more as a local brand.Through this strategy, Haier became the 19th most trusted brand in India and fourth in the electronics sector in 2011. With the success of establishing its brand name in the Indian market, Haier then opted for a premium price strategy in India. Haier introduced India-centric product line-up for Indian consumers, and some other unique and innovative products. Examples of these products include detergent-free washing machines, wine cellars and mini bars sold at high prices. Haier also tried to break into the mass market segment in 2007 at the same time.But as Haier tried to target too many different markets and produce so many different products, it brought a pause resulting in sluggish revenue growth. 3. Discuss Haier’s localization model in India and other markets. Were they different? If so, why? Haier started off with a â€Å"Three-in-One† localization strategy of which Haier position itself as a local brand, produce locally, and carry out a local sales strategy and create products tailored to locals’ needs. The localization model Haier used in India is similar to the one it used when entering the United States market.The strategy into the two countries’ markets are similar in that it began exporting to the scattered channel in the country and then expanded when the timing and situation was appropriate. This means that it did not start its â€Å"Three-in-One† localization strategy properly until it was the right time to do so. And then as the company grew in the country, Haier tried to produce some products especially designed for the local customers of the country. But Haier had a different localization strategy when entering Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Yugoslavia.Haier did seek â€Å"Three-in-One† localization strategy by making all its products with energy-saving and flexible-voltage qualities to accommodate households that frequently experienced power shortages and unstable voltage supplies. This kind of production helped Haier gain 28% of the Indonesian freezer market in four years. However, when entering Indonesia, Malaysia, Yugoslavia, and the Philippines, Haier built the manufacturing facility in the country as it entered the new market of these countries. This is how the localization model in India was different from models in some other countries.

Is The Internet The New Pirates Home free essay sample

? Essay, Research Paper Back in history, there were plagiarists that surrounded Hong Kong and European states. They would look for hoarded wealths and maintain an oculus for gold. A rider ship was one of the few ships that pirates look for since it contained jewellery and money from the people. It was easy to make. Just get in, take what you need, and acquire out. The passangers would non contend, nor would they seek to be brave and acquire their necessities back. Plagiarists could acquire in and out speedy ; therefore, the governments neer were able to come to the deliverance in clip. Well, that was back so. Present twenty-four hours of the engineering age has changed the plagiarists target. They eventually have found a place to acquire their hoarded wealths. No, it is non gilded or Ag. Simple, it # 8217 ; s warez. What is warez? It is a to the full downloadable files on the Internet that are given free to others. We will write a custom essay sample on Is The Internet The New Pirates Home or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Programmers that make package for microsoft, prophet, corel, and many other companies are victims to this Internet scandel. Alternatively of purchasing package, you can merely travel download it for free. No fuss, no jobs. Oh yea, this is bing the computing machine industry more than a 100 billion dollars. Yup, these are the yearss of the plagiarists. They have eventually found a topographic point to populate in on land and have a computing machine. They get into file transfer protocol sites or net sites and expression for warez. Then, they get out before the FBI or any other security can acquire them. These plagiarists are around the universe. They could be populating in the large metropolis or in a small prarie farm. All they need is a phone line and a modem. No more paying $ 50 for package, merely acquire it on the Internet. That # 8217 ; s the slogan. You can name it warez, wares, whatever. Can you believe music is another illegal thing traveling on the cyberspace? It # 8217 ; s a compressed vocal utilizing mp3 format. Some creative persons like it, many others hate it. Lots of money is being lost, as Cadmiums can merely be downloaded on the Internet. You might be inquiring yourself, what # 8217 ; s the large trade? Sounds like something I would wish to make. I guess I can # 8217 ; t assist fillet you but I can seek. Let # 8217 ; s put it this manner, you get a $ 40,000 mulct for downloading warez or mp3s. When you could merely travel to the shop and acquire it for a batch less. Why hazard acquiring fined $ 40,000 when you can merely make the ordinary and good thing? I guess you might state the plagiarists # 8217 ; heads have still stayed the same. They # 8217 ; rhenium still eyeing the gold.

A Marxist Study of Much Ado About Nothing Essay Example

A Marxist Study of Much Ado About Nothing Essay Example A Marxist Study of Much Ado About Nothing Essay A Marxist Study of Much Ado About Nothing Essay Essay Topic: Much Ado about Nothing A Marxist study of Much Ado About Nothing Using the Marxist approach to one of Shakespeare’s comedies, Much Ado About Nothing, this essay deals with the unconscious of the text in order to reveal the ideology of the text (as buried in what is not said) so as to discover the hegemony behind the text. The ideology perpetuated in Much Ado About Nothing revolves around, centrally, ensuring the needs and insecurities of the aristocratic – the need for a patriarchal power, the need to reject, stigmatize and dominate the lower class and women. According to Elliot Krieger in A Marxist Study of Shakespeare’s Comedies, there is a â€Å"primary world† and a â€Å"second world† in each of Shakespeare’s comedies. The second world is a location towards which â€Å"the characters, hence the action, move† (1). The primary world is the actual location which the characters originally inhabit, while the second world is where the characters escape to. This second world is an alternative to the primary world, a different perspective for the characters to see the objective reality. It represents a state of mind which â€Å"shelters or separates them† in the primary world as the protagonists â€Å"circumscribe all of objective reality with their subjectivity† (3). While the protagonists â€Å"experience the second world as a retreat, withdrawal, or replacement† releasing their private fancy in this second world, others experience the second world â€Å"as a domination, an exhibition of authority† and â€Å"a restriction on their own autonomy† (4). In Much Ado About Nothing, the honourable prince Don Pedro and his illegitimate brother, Don John the Bastard, conjure up a second world of their own respectively. The second world of the former succeeds and sustains itself at the end of the play while that of the latter falls through hopelessly. The success and failure of the two different second worlds demonstrates the fact that â€Å"only a protagonist who has social degree, and power, can develop a second world in which personal whims organize the social experience of others, in which the needs of the subject’s ego replace the history of the primary world†(4). Hence, this Shakespearean comedy has the sole purpose of unconsciously serving the aristocratic in upholding their ideology, an ideology that has in turn become the hegemony for all in society. After the victory of the war in the primary world, Don Pedro arrives at Messina with his troops of soldiers and soon sets up the first second world in the play, aiming to â€Å"to bring Signor/Benedick and the Lady Beatrice into a mountain of/affection the one with the other† (II. i. 284-287) through the means of deception. Lady Beatrice, with her quick wits and independent character, often directs her wisdom and outspoken defiance against men: â€Å"Would it not grieve a woman to be overmastered with a pierce of valiant dust? †(II. i. 40-41) Her hatred of the opposite sex, which is most intensely overt in her verbal war with Benedick, unconsciously disturbs men and poses a threat to their virility. Beatrice must not have her waywardness left unruled: â€Å"I hope to see you one day fitted with a husband† sighs Leonato (II. i. 37). Indeed, Don Pedro’s subtle affection for Beatrice can be taken as more than a romantic interlude; it might be an unconscious attempt of the patriarchal ruling class to subjugate the agency of women by marrying them: â€Å"Will you have me, Lady? † (II. i. 252) Beatrice, as an independent and outspoken woman in the primary world, must be objectified and have her freedom forfeited in a man’s hands – if not Don Pedro, then Benedick. This fantasy is to be conducted in the second world – a response to the social condition in the primary world. The taming and exorcizing of the strong woman Beatrice is further expressed in the two instances of gulling. As proposed by Neely, Don Pedro, Leonato and Claudio â€Å"alleviate his (Benedick’s) fears about Beatrice’s aggressiveness by a lengthy, exaggerated tale of her desperate passion for him: ‘Then down upon her knees she falls, weeps, sobs, bears her heart, tears her hair, prays, curses – ‘O sweet Benedick! God give me patience’ (II, iii, 148-50)† (146). Such account â€Å"dovetails perfectly with his fantasy that all women (even the aggressive Beatrice) dote on him† and â€Å"gratifies†, most importantly, the male readers desire to â€Å"picture the disdainful Beatrice in this helpless state† (Neely, 146). The women’s gulling of Beatrice, on the contrary, make only one â€Å"unembroidered mention of Benedick’s love for her, even that is interrogative – ‘But are you sure/That Benedick Beatrice’s’(III, i, 36-7)† (Neely, 146). They â€Å"praise his (Benedick) virtues, not Beatrice’s† and assault heavily on the pride of Beatrice, â€Å"deflating rather than bolstering her self-esteem† (Neely, 146). These two instances of gulling, which bolster the authenticity of the second world of Don Pedro, manage also to exorcise and suppress the power of women in deflating Beatrice. The second world led by Don Pedro must succeed in replacing the primary world (where Benedick is verbally attacked by Beatrice) because he is the man with the highest social standing in the play. The hegemony reigns in as the subjectivity of Don Pedro becomes the experience of the others – the two instances of gulling edging closer and closer to honesty. The second world of Don Pedro and that of Don John share a foremost function to exorcize women as men harbor an unconscious fear to be subject to women’s sexual power. To Benedick and the male protagonists, love can lead to â€Å"humiliation and loss of potency†¦a castrating torture† (Neely, 144). To defend themselves, men â€Å"deny its possibility through idealization†, as in the idealization of Hero into a perfect and innocent virgin, â€Å"anticipate it through misogyny, as expressed in the strong Beatrice, or â€Å"transform it, through the motif of cuckoldry† (Neely, 141), as in the second world of Don John. (In the second world of Don John, deception is employed to slander Hero and defame her honour. Its destruction goes as far as providing an unconscious imaginary land for men to relieve their fears about women, suggesting their sadistic desire to attack women so as to affirm their virility. After being publicly shamed, Hero can do nothing but swoon; Beatrice also suffers in great frustration; as she feels the constraints of a woman, she cries: â€Å"Is he not approved in the height a villain, that/hath slandered, scorned, dishonoured my kinswoman? O/that I were a man! †¦O God, that I were a man! I would eat his heart† (IV. i. 212-214). Masculinity is portrayed as an exclusive power possessed only by the men who could fight back in the face of injustice. ) Marriage not only ends the war between Benedick and Beatrice but also maintains the purity of the blood of the upper class. During the time when the play was written, it was unlikely for one, especially a woman of the lower class, to marry one’s social status up. The concept of marriage between members of the same class is unconsciously promoted so that the blood of the lower class would not enter and stain that of the upper class. In granting the consent to Claudio to marry his daughter Hero, Leonato comments, â€Å"his grace hath made the match† (II, i, 232); being asked to marry Don Pedro, Beatrice refuses by asserting that his grace is â€Å"too costly to wear† (II, i, 252); in deceiving Claudio to believe that Don Pedro has wooed Hero for himself, Don John the bastard disapproves of such match as Hero â€Å"is no equal for his birth† (II, i, 144). It is important for one to marry a member of the same league. Marriage, which subjects women to men’s power and control, can also prevent the elevation of social standing of the lower class, which could prevent the ower class’ ‘robbery’ of the fortunes of the upper class. As a â€Å"good soldier to a lady† (I, i, 43), Benedick could marry off with a pretty woman of a lower social standing. He is denied this when Don Pedro ensures his marriage with Beatrice. Though the second world of Don Pedro produces an â⠂¬Å"abstract moral condition such as ‘harmony’ or ‘concord’, beneficial to all of the characters’† (Krieger, 5), its success sacrifices the autonomy of Beatrice, the freedom of Benedick and annihilates the possibility of an inter-class marriage which could reward either Beatrice or Benedick. This is also why the second world created by Don John is doomed to fail. Don John is a figure who has no respected or recognized social status. As an illegitimate brother to Don Pedro, he is no different from a parasite attached to his princely brother for economic subsistence and respect, as Leonato remarks upon receiving Don John, â€Å"Let me bid you welcome, my lord: being reconciled to/the prince your brother, I owe you all duty† (I, i, 117-118). Don John has Leonato owned his â€Å"all duty† only because he himself has â€Å"reconciled to† Don Pedro the prince. Despite being a ‘prince’, Don John is still referred as the â€Å"bastard†. The failure of his second world, which consists of slandering the virgin Hero, is an assurance that the illegitimate will never succeed in entering the league or upsetting the status quo of the legitimate upper class. The ideology of class distinction remains as people opt for a potential marital partner according to one’s social standing. The presence of Don John also serves as a living warning for the upper class that any illegitimate intercourse with the lower class may breed a potential malice in the future, that is the devilish Don John in the play. The lower class must be rejected by the upper class, especially in terms of marriage. The repulsion of inter-class marriage is further testified in Margaret being one of the accomplices of this valiancy in disgracing Hero. As the chamber-maid of Hero, Margaret pretends to be Hero and gets tempted by Borachio, with whom she has sex. Her lust is a testimony to the immorality of the lower class, who cannot command their own desires. In Shakespeares era, a woman with her honour lost would lose all her social standing. Compared to the public shaming of Hero, the absence of a punishment to Margaret’s loss of honour might also reflect the insignificance of the lower class. The lower class is free to do whatever they want as they are left in the gutter, while the upper class must watch their code of behaviour carefully so as not to fall into depravity. The promiscuity of Margaret also reinforces the depraved nature of the lower class which justifies the impossibility of an inter-class marriage which would otherwise pollute the blood of the upper class. The lower class is exorcised as it is presented to be depraved while the upper class remains virtuous in the purity of Hero. The second world of Don John fails soon after the truth about the gulling is made known to Leonato. Although the gulling is brought to light by Dogberry the policeman of the middle class, Don Pedro is the one who derives valuable answers from the villain Borachio to discover the truth of the villainy. With fluent articulation, Don Pedro forms the significant question, â€Å"Who have you offended, masters, that you are thus/bound to your answer? whats your offence? † (V. . 168-169) while Dogberry, the â€Å"learned constable†¦too cunning to be understood† (V. i. 168-169) fails to retrieve meaningful answers in his previous instances of interrogation due to his eccentric and wry use of language. His function works no more than exercising the labour to arrest and transfer the villain to the authority. Under arrest, Borachio only makes his confes sion to Don Pedro as he recounts, â€Å"Sweet prince, let me go no farther to mine answer:†¦I have/deceived even your very eyes: what your wisdoms/could not discover, these shallow fools have brought/to light† (V. i. 171-176). The ideology that aristocratic class holds the key to settling disputes and injustice permeates and they hold the legitimacy to rule the community. Contrary to a traditional reading of the play, the Marxist approach involves a close analysis of the minor character Don Pedro and also the absence of certain events, such as the punishment of Margaret, as well as the displaced rage of Beatrice. The â€Å"development of a second world† in Shakespearean comedies manifests aristocratic privilege. In fact, the â€Å"second world functions as an ideological system† and â€Å"hide[s] class struggle† (Kriger, 6). The struggle presented in the play is the disturbed power relation between men and women, upper class and lower class. The success of the second world of Don Pedro, who belongs to the aristocratic, replaces the social conditions of the primary world which is previously upset by the dominance of Beatrice and the intrusion of Don John the bastard. The hegemony, which is the second world, is set up by Don Pedro and is privileged to remain as the objective reality in the new primary world of both the aristocratic and the lower class.

Breaker Failure Detection Algorithms Research Paper

Breaker Failure Detection Algorithms - Research Paper Example The second part addresses issues worth consideration when applying Breaker Failure Protection and lastly, advances towards breaker Failure Protection. Using algorithms significantly enhance the numerical BF protection. Introduction Contingency analysis remains to be one of the great tasks that face protection engineers. The reason to this is due to the fact that a Protection Engineer has to focus on Murphy’s Law and Ohms Law concurrently. The design for PRS plays a key role in detecting any fault that happens on the power system and the possibilities of eruption of any fault in the protection system of the power system. When the protective relay system is order, the designers of the power system understand it but the condition changes when a failure is detected. Deriving solutions towards this failure is what makes a protection engineer proficient. The protection engineer can only succeed by understanding how operations of the system. The best approach that the engineer can ha ve is to have a proper understanding of each component of the system as well as their interaction and overlaps needed. The need for Breaker Failure Protection To successfully analyze this topic, the differences between fault detection devices and fault interruption devices should be understood. Any disturbances like faults are detected by protective relays. The protective relays works in either way, interfere with the fault current system or cuts off any connection to the power system. Systems that lack breaker failure detection fail to analyze detection and interruption failures. This is not the case for breaker failure detection. The redundant relay systems play the role of detecting fault in case of failure (IEEE 8). What to consider for Breaker Failure Protection Before considerations necessary for breaker failure detection, aspects of back up protection need to be focused. The aspects include speed, sensitivity and user friendliness together with maintenance required. Sensitivi ty The question considered under this aspect is on the reliability of remote relays in detecting faults in the power system. A difficulty arises when analyzing the conditions that lead to system failure. The hindering factor is the load encroachment. The radial system has limitations in the fault current and the circuit load. The source acts as a controlling factor thereby making this system simple. Complications arise for networked systems. The possibilities of the relays detecting failure past the remote bus is limited because of the in feed. To solve this issue, a remote backup through distance relays with applications in the adjacent zones seems appropriate. This leads to change in the reach setting of the in feed to long ones. Complexities arise when the zone three relays are relied on as a backup protection. When breaker failure protection and a normal back up are applied, the problem is solved (Daume, Jon 20). Speed Speed of the system in clearing faults that arise due to fai lure of the primary protection is vital. Over tripping of the system is prevented by the time taken by the relays in overlapping zones. The outcome to this process is for a remote back up to be set up after a reasonable delay. When breaker failure protection is used, tripping of back up circuit breakers is quickened. The set up speed of the system is guided by damage that is likely to be incurred on equipment, quality of power and its impact on its environs and stability. Incase

HEALTH CARE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HEALTH CARE - Essay Example The initial X-ray appears to be normal (pre-op). The pulmonary findings of subsequent radiograph in this patient, 3 days post-op resembles that of acute respiratory distress syndrome (increased interstitial pattern). No cardiac or pulmonary effusions were noted. This might have superimposed the findings of pneumonia and atelectasis secondary to mechanical ventilation. The third radiograph taken 4 days post operative shows decreased interstitial pattern suggestive of recovery. Post- surgery, the PO2 levels were very low, suggestive of hypoxemia. This can be expected in fat embolism (Weinhouse 2000). The PCO2 levels are also low suggestive of hyperventilation. The bicarbonate levels are slightly low, which is an attempt to compensate for the alkalosis. The overall picture of ABG is that of respiratory alkalosis. Following this, mechanical ventilation has improved the oxygenation which is evident in the subsequent ABGs. The pCO2 and bicarbonate levels have normalized and the pH is in the normal range. However the PaO2 levels have been fluctuating through out the first day post-op. The differential diagnosis mentioned is pulmonary thromboembolism, lipid embolus, myocardial infarction and pulmonary edema. The investigations reveal normal hemoglobin and platelet count, prolonged PT, normal LAP, normal urine analysis, normal liver function and renal function tests and normal cardiac profile enzymes. ABG is suggestive of severe hypoxemia and respiratory alkalosis, chest X-ray is suggestive of increased interstitial pattern and EKG showed no fresh ischemic changes. The EKG and normal cardiac enzymes rule out repeat myocardial infarction. The absence of Watermark’s sign in the chest X-ray rules out pulmonary embolism. However, the best method of ruling out this condition would be to do Doppler ECHO, rapid D- dimer tests and V/Q lung scan. PT/PTT would be normal in this condition. ABG would show fairly normal

If managers are rational, mergers should always lead to an increase in Essay

If managers are rational, mergers should always lead to an increase in shareholder value. Discuss this statement in view of the relevant analysis of mergers and acquisitions - Essay Example Scholars denote that a merger is just one example of an acquisition, and there are other methods that an organisation can acquire another organization. These methods include purchasing of a company’ shares or even making an initiative to purchase all the outstanding stocks of the business targeted for acquisition. It is therefore important to understand that the main purpose of acquisitions and mergers is for the companies involved to gain an economic advantage (Custà ³dio, 2013). For any transaction involving mergers and acquisitions to be justified, the net worth of the two organizations when combined must be more than when the two organizations did not merge, or were not together. This paper will identify the reasons as to why so many mergers and acquisitions usually fail, despite the advantages that these mergers and acquisition bring about. Some of the advantages of an acquisition or merger include elimination of inefficiency, acquiring some tax advantages, achieving the benefits of economies of scale, and acquisition of complementary resources that can help an organisation to increase its market share (DePamphilis, 2010). Other major reasons for acquisitions and mergers include the ability to obtain proprietary rights to services and products, increasing the market share of an organisation through acquisition of the competitors of an organisation, and using the distributional channels of the acquired company to penetrate new markets, and geographic locations. All these advantages of mergers and acquisition must always be reflected in the growth of organizations shares, hence increasing the share value of an organization (Van Horne and Wachowicz, 2009). However, this is not always the case on most of the mergers that occur. This is because an acquisition and a merger is always a very complex procedure, and on most occa sions, it is difficult for the managers to accurately evaluate the transactions, the benefits, the costs, and the

Understanding specific needs in Health Social Care

Understanding specific needs in Health Social Care Understanding the specific needs in Health Social Care Table of Content Acknowledgement Table of Content Introduction 1.1 Roles of the health care agencies 1.2 Epidemiology of non infectious disease Epidemiology of infectious disease 1.3 Effectiveness of different strategies and approaches 2.1 Regulate healthcare methods 2.2 Relationship of health and social care service provision 2.3 Current lifestyle choices lead to future health and social services 3.1 Health and wellbeing priorities 3.2 Encouraging behavioral changes 3.3 Changes needed for improving Health and wellbeing Conclusion Recommendations References Introduction Without any doubt, health is the most important factor for a living being. A person’s life is depended on the well-being of health, not to mention all the regular activities are centered towards this. But with the increasing difficulties in regular living is making this very health deteriorating each day. It is very important for mass people to understand the basic of health dynamics. With the changes in the natural spectrum, huge changes have also taken place in human needs regarding needs of health and social care services. Not only the pattern has changed overtime, but also the perception towards these is transformed drastically. 1.1 The core concept- health changes in perception regarding health and social care services The fundamental pattern of health and social care is changed due to revolution in the need regarding this. There are various macro factors contributing to this, alongside the micro ones. In various countries, there are mammoth changes in the demographic pattern and the health literacy which has changed the whole landscape of health and social care services. To understand the perception of changing health and social care services it is very important to understand the underlying concepts like normality, disability, illness etc. Normality: Normality which is also known as normalcy depicts the behavior which is consistent with an individual’s most common behavior in terms of health factors. It is very vast term to describe and it in many cases it changes with the context. When it comes down to the definition of health, this normality is a very significant concept. A healthy state generally stands for normal and sound process of all the functions that drives a human being. Clinically normality represents the consistency between the bodily and psychological functions. The reverse is generally known as abnormality. Disability: Disability means partial or total forfeiture of a person’s bodily function which could be motor functionality, walking etc. As mentioned earlier this loss could be partial or complete and this could even be from birth. A person might have one disability or he could have multiple disabilities which could be ostensible for instance loss of a limb or it could also be in hidden form for example epilepsy or post-polio syndrome. Some types of disabilities are multiple-sclerosis, spina bifida etc. There was time when there was a norm in the society which permitted the stigma and discrimination. People tend to avoid and stigmatize the person with illness, disabilities and it kept going on for a long period of time. The ultimate result of this was that it made the whole situation way more difficult for the affected person and consequentially, it becomes really hard for them to recover from the illness. The problem of mental illness is a common phenomenon for example at some point of life out of every four people generally experiences mental health problem. Still approximately one in every ten children faces various mental health problems. With the changes in the condition health and social care services have changed drastically. On the positive side, the stigmatization and discrimination have been reduced significantly due to continuous awareness in mass level. 1.2 impact of social policy, legislation and culture on availability of services In the sector of health and social care, social policy along with legislation and culture play a great role when it comes to availability of necessary service for each a group of individuals having specific needs. If the social policy does not support the support the specific needs and patronize it in favorable way then it will become impossible to lead life in a favorable way. The legislation, in this case, is very important both on individual and mass level. For example, right now it is secretary of state’s responsibility to promote comprehensive health service all over UK which will lead to significant improvement in physical as well as mental health of the individual; in addition to this, the service will aid in not only the prevention but also the diagnosis of mental and physical issues. The outcome of the health and social care services will be measured based on the effective, quality and the experience of the concerned persons. In this regard, only legislation and policy will not suffice in the long run. To make this kind of practice sustainable and craft the system in such flexible way so that the changes can be made whenever it is necessary. To attain this objective, the services required for the individuals with specific needs have to turned into a culture which people will adhere to follow, not for just the sake of legislation that has to be followed in formal manner. 2.1 the mechanism of supporting individual with specific needs To attain this objective, the services required for the individuals with specific needs have to turned into a culture which people will adhere to follow, not for just the sake of legislation that has to be followed in formal manner. There are been number of cases of where health and social care do not work in harmony when it is about the meeting the specific needs of the individuals. Every year total number of people in UK requiring both health and social care is on an increasing trend. Just for example, total percentage of individuals crossing eighty five will double in the next twenty years which will arouse the complex need https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/making-sure-health-and-social-care-services-work-together of health care as well as social care. By complex need of health care we refer to multiple health problem at the same time which need to be backed up by the social care services. So far the most glaring issue is that, these two are not collaborating as per expected level. And this is turning into a big problem for the service takers. For example, a person after staying a while in hospital requiring final treatment is trying to know how many days he might have stay after treatment. Over the period of time, being in hospital became a gruesome experience for him; but this mental issue is mostly overlooked. This is just a representation of common scenario taking place most often. In many cases, one important parts either health care or social care is missing. When health and service care is joined up and given properly to the people, that has the highest probability of meeting individual need. This concept should be put into model and later on, it will work as a guiding principal for the health care and social care service providers. 2.2 evaluaiton of currently available system services Generally it is perceived that, when two services- health care and social care are collaborated it must be very beneficial for the people who are taking this service as well as for the service providers. But yet this notion is to be supported by number of facts. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14629210 there is an study done by Brown L, Tucker C by to evaluate the efficacy of the currently available system of health care and social care to meet the specific needs of the individuals. This study more of less represents the current scenario of available systems. The study was conducted among a group of aged persons who were given both health care and social care. In the initial stage the result was very much aspiring. The health care and social care needs were assessed successfully and in a timely manner. This was like a one stop approach for two big aspects catering the individual needs. The whole process of communication of the issue, understanding the aspect and the exchange of required information was drastically improved but it comes down to implementation this seemed not to work properly. Even though the individual need assessed properly, the problem started in the implementation level. The implementation of the service was not satisfactory because of the duly implementation as well as the follow up process. Innovation in the phase of implementation can play a great role as well as the change in implementation process also. Even though two entities giving health and social care services have the same goal they have different organizational structure, ideology and working process. During the implementation phase, it becomes very difficult to accommodate both services in subsequent point of time. So far in nationwide analysis, the same problem is been observed. Even though the general perception is that, the outcome has to be good naturally the fact is quite the opposite. In many cases the efficacy of current model is questioned thoroughly. To make these two services more appropriate and effective for the individual needs it is very important to do the organizational and legal fixes rather than just focusing first hand coordination portion. 3.1 understanding approaches intervention strategies supporting individual specific needs There can be a number of ways to support the individual need with health care and social care, but it is very important to come up with the best strategy and blend it effectively. Here the challenge is, each individual aspect for example health care can be appropriate in its own stance but when it comes to collaboration the approach will be different. Let us consider a common scenario- Autism where it is very important to use the perfect strategy to meet the individual specific need. Since there is hardly any permanent cure for autism, the professional bodies use a number of approaches that aid the concern in different ways. The most challenging aspect in this case is, there are never two individuals with exact same case of autism where a approach might perfect work one person, whereas the same approach will fail with slightly different case. http://www.autism.org.uk/living-with-autism/strategies-and-approaches.aspx before coming up with the exact approach it is highly important to gather all the relevant data pertaining to the autism for that specific individual. In addition to this, dealing with this is a long term approach, so while choosing the method one must be very careful and plan down the line what might take place. One standard startup intervention procedure is health and service based intervention. Apart from the health and service based intervention The starting intervention could be like behavioral and developmental intervention, motor and sensory intervention, counseling etc. Health and service based intervention takes places in multiple phases and it needs to be planned beforehand. Standard Health and service based intervention is planned based on the focus to constantly uphold the well being of the individual with autism which will require a vast range of treatment and therapies as well as well a number of sociological approach. The common scenario is to use variety of approaches and methods which generally include professional therapists, speech, langue therapist along with psychological therapists. This panel of therapists will be working together to ensure the proper development of the concern. This combination of different therapies is used with behavioral, motor sensory, augmentative in addition to alternative intervention method. Among these, the standard procedure of health care includes standard operational procedures like medication, psychotherapy, physiotherapy, speech pathology aiming at the development of speech and language. On the other ha nd, service based interventions generally include aiding people in education, development of social skills, day to day basis development on social skills, accessing the needs and change in those and respond accordingly. This is just the beginning. The challenge with autism is the lack of awareness and when people do not admit to have the autism. It is a common barrier for autism. The autism is most cases is invisible because it just possess few signs; so it becomes really difficult what exact health and social care needs are required for he particular individual and how it can be tailored to maximize the benefits. Starting from the daily rituals to particular special activities, everything needs to be chalked out and it needs to done on a daily basis. This is one approach dealing with the individual with autism. Another approach could be, after assessing all the possibilities, figuring out two or three most potential route to deal with the scenario and start trying those out in a co ntrolled setting for smaller time being. After getting the results, the best method will be carried forward. The disadvantage with this approach is that the change could have negative impact on the concern. That it is very important to access the health and social care needs thoroughly at first and then act on this. The social care support might be very extensive here, starting from the education it could end up in finding appropriate works. The employment service are designed in such a way that it suits individual abilities and needs and to make the approach successful the team of health and social care need to work closely with the family members, at least at the very first stage they need to collaborate with the concerned family to understand the early stage development scope and devise the plan accordingly. 3.2 need for development and support for individual with specific need Specific development methods need to be applied for the individual with specific needs, more specifically showing different characteristics. Other than the social needs, the health and wellbeing need to be checked on a regular basis because at the end of the day, if he does not have the functioning body he won’t be able to do anything else. For this purpose, the health needs have to identified thoroughly and plan the acts based on that. There could be a number of activities which the person has to undergo and for convenience, these should be turned into a ritual format so that it becomes easier. Apart from these, health improvement needs to be monitored on a regular basis. Other than this it will not be possible to track the whether the approach is right or wrong. There should scope for adaptions and improvisations to make the process much better and updated. 4.1 Strategies for coping up with challenges, potential impact of challenges and strategies to cope up While working in health and social care there are a number of scenarios posing specific challenges. Below are two of them- With the increasing access to information, people are right now more knowledgeable in various subjects, even it could be to small extent but with the blessing of technology information is on the fingertips. But analyzing this information is totally different issue. In most cases being a part of health and social care I have seen that, the parents or relatives of the person taking services are intruding into the operational procedure without having sufficient knowledge on the subject. It is very much possible that it happens because of their extra cautiousness towards the wellbeing of their closed ones. Since we have deal with concern usually on a long term basis it becomes very difficult to experience this kind of intrusion. Another challenge is to tailor the service with the given agenda and financial constrain. In many cases, it becomes very difficult to meet specific need by tailoring it as per the agenda given. This is mainly because of the continuously changing demand and increa sing public expectation. Since there are multiple entities involved in this procedure, it is very difficult to accommodate minor changes if that are done on a continuous basis. The potential impact of the challenging behavior on the health and social acre is that the health and social care givers have to be pretty much through regarding their understanding of the all the necessities and act accordingly. Starting from the planning, collaboration and execution phase they have to be very much cautious and the same time flexible regarding the plan. All the works need to be functionally assessed all the time and regular evaluation has become mandatory for the efficacy of the work. The core strategy to keep up with challenge is support from all the entities, be it the party taking the service or the one giving this. While dealing with the challenges clear target need to be set regarding the timeline, deliverables and all other specific activities. For working the with the challenging behaviors regarding specific needs it is very important to clearly communicate with the involved member, share the course of actions along with other specifications clearly. The rewards and sanctions will be set in such a way that it best suits and eases the operational procedure.

5 Paragragh Essay: The Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

From the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, the youthful protagonist Holden Caufield, employs the word â€Å"phony† to describe the behavior of a number of characters including Mr. Spencer and Ossenburger, however it is not them who areâ€Å"phony†, it is the young main character. First, Mr. Spencer, Holden’s ex- history teacher, is not described as phony, but according to the adolescent, his choice of words are. Secondly, according to our main character, Ossenburger is not the generous philanthropist he portrays himself to be, but rather a greedy undertaker. Lastly, the protagonist could quite possibly be the authentic phony. All in all, the main character’s use to describe many other characters in the book is with the single word phony, when in fact the word phony would be the most probable word to describe the lead character. Illustrating Mr. Spencer as phony because of his vocabulary, is when Holden leaves Pencey Prep permanently, and goes to say good-bye to the ex-history teacher. The depicted fake tells the ex-Pencey student â€Å"I had the privilege of meeting your mother and dad when they had their little chat with Dr. Thurmer some weeks ago. They’re grand people†. The ex-Pencey student immediately impugns Mr. Spencer’s use of the word â€Å"grand†, and tells the reader: â€Å"Grand. There’s a word I hate. It’s a phony. I could puke every time I heard it.† To sum up, Holden disgusts Mr. Spencer’s utilization of the word â€Å"grand† and thinks it is fraudulent. Also, Caufield, describes Ossenbuger as phony because of what Holden perceived he did for a living. The wing where the central character lived at Pencey was called the â€Å"Ossenbuger Memorial Wing† named after a men who went to Pencey and later donated a substantial amount of money to the school. Ossenburger makes this income by the â€Å"business of undertaking†. Next, according to our youthful character, Ossenburger is phony because â€Å"he probably just shoves the dead bodies in a bag and throws them in the river†. As a result, Caufield feels that Ossenburger is phony because of his profession in undertaking. While observing the discription of many other characters in the novel as phony, it is safe to say that the phony character is indeed the protagonist. For example, the false character when lying to Mr. Spencer about going to the gym to clear everything out before leaving, is Holden. Once again we see this falsehood, when he tries to hit on some women in a bar, despite thinking the girls are not particularly extraordinary women.

Mattel Case

#07 – Teaching Case Study Hazardous Toy Recalls at Mattel, Inc. Key words: Chinese manufacturing, outsourcing, product recalls, global supply chain risk Type of submission: teaching case study Hazardous Toy Recalls at Mattel, Inc. [? ] Abstract In 2006 and 2007 Mattel, Inc. was faced with massive recalls of Chinese-made toys due to potentially dangerous levels of lead in various toy model surface paints and small magnets in toys which could fall off and be swallowed.This case describes the events leading up to the recalls, the response by Mattel, the legal, health, reputation and financial implications of the recalls, and the impacts of the recalls on Mattel’s global supply chain. Readers are asked to assess the situation and to decide what should have been done differently, if anything. The case is appropriate for undergraduate and graduate business students analyzing various purchasing, risk, and supply chain design issues. The 2006/2007 Mattel Toy RecallsIn some resp ects, the period from March 2006 to October 2007 was a very troublesome time for Mattel and their Chinese toy suppliers. On a number of occasions during this period, Mattel recalled a total of about 14 million Chinese-made toys in the U. S. and Canada for the same two serious problems. Millions more were recalled in other foreign markets. These two problems were indeed significant; not only for Mattel, but for their distributors, retailers, Chinese suppliers and finally the families around the world buying their toys.Over 2 million of the recalled toys had either been sprayed with lead-tainted paint or contained potentially hazardous levels of lead within the materials, while the remaining toys contained small magnets which could come off and be swallowed. Table I summarizes these recalls. Table IMattel’s Chinese-Made Toy Recalls in the US and Canada, 2006 – 2007* |Date |Toy and Problem Description |No.Units Recalled | |03/30/2006 |American Girl jewelry containing high levels of lead | 180,000 | |11/21/2006 |Polly Pocket toys with small loose magnets | 2,400,000 | |08/02/2007 |Various Fisher Price toys with lead in surface paint | 1,000,000 | |08/14/2007 |Batman, One Piece, Barbie, Tanner, Doggie Day Care, and Polly Pocket toy | 9,350,000 | | |sets with small loose magnets | | |08/14/2007 |Sarge toy cars with lead in surface paint | 250,000 | |09/04/2007 |Geo Trax, Barbie, and Fisher-Price Bongo Band toys with lead in surface | 750,000 | | |paint | | |10/25/2007 |Fisher Price Go Diego Go toy with lead in surface paint | 40,000 | | Total | 13,970,000 | *Source – U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, www. cpsc. gov On March 30, 2006 approximately 180,000 of Mattel’s American Girl jewelry pieces in the U. S. were recalled because the Chinese-made jewelry contained high levels of lead. On November 21, 2006, following 170 reports of loose magnets on Polly PocketTM play sets, Mattel recalled over 2. 4 million Polly Pocket play sets in the U. S. and Canada and another 2 million worldwide.In at least three of the cases, children who had swallowed magnets suffered serious intestinal perforations requiring surgery and hospitalization. Then nine months later on August 2, 2007, Mattel recalled almost 1 million Fisher-Price toys for using paint exceeding the lead content limit set by the U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Two weeks later, the CPSC announced five separate recalls of hundreds of thousands of Mattel die cast toy cars for potentially hazardous levels of lead paint and over 9 million play sets in the U. S. and Canada, following hundreds of reports of small magnets falling out of the toys. In early September, Mattel announced another major recall—over 700,000 units of 11 different toy models for having paint containing excess lead.Finally, on October 25, 2007, another recall was announced by the CPSC for yet more Chinese-manufactured toys containing paint with lead. In late August 2007, Mattel announced that some of the lead-tainted toys had been painted by a third-party subcontractor working for one of Mattel’s primary Asian toy suppliers, Hong Kong-based Early Light Industrial Co. , a toy maker for many of the world’s biggest toy companies. Hong Li Da, the Chinese subcontractor used by Early Light, was supposed to use Mattel-approved paint, however it instead used less costly paint from an unapproved supplier. Today, Mattel continues to use the Early Light Co. , a trusted supplier of theirs for more than 15 years.Another Chinese subcontractor, Lee Der Industrial Co. , also used an unauthorized paint supplier when making many of the toys included in the August 2 recall. [? ] Mattel typically performs monthly audits of manufacturers’ toys, which sometimes includes testing random units and other times involves reviewing manufacturers’ testing records. Mr. Jim Walter, Mattel’s senior vice president of worldwide quality assurance exp lained, â€Å"They didn’t perform the testing they should have, and the audit we performed didn’t catch it. †[? ] Mattel’s Response In late August 2007, Mattel CEO Robert Eckert filmed a video apology to parents which was placed on the company’s website and on Yahoo’s website. I can’t change what has happened in the past, but I can change how we work in the future,† he said, adding that he had four children of his own. Mattel also pledged to increase the frequency of its paint inspections, testing every batch delivered to every supplier. The firm also purchased full-page ads in the New York Times and Wall Street Journal. [? ] Following the third quarter 2007 recalls, Mattel slowed down the shipments coming out of Asia to conduct product testing and safety reviews. Similarly, Mattel’s shipments to global markets were curtailed while various regulatory authorities reviewed Mattel’s safety procedures. Ultimately, Matt el was able to prevent more than two-thirds of the recalled toys from reaching consumers by contacting distribution centers and retailers. [? Most of the export/import issues were resolved by the end of 2007. Today, Mattel’s first-tier suppliers must conduct quality tests on all incoming materials as well as finished toys made by subcontractors. Also as a result of the recalls, Mattel created a Corporate Responsibility organization, which has accountability internally and externally for adherence to company safety and compliance procedures. [? ] On September 5, 2007, Mattel representatives told an American congressional committee that the problem with toys containing unsafe magnets was the result of a flawed toy design, and not due to poor adherence to manufacturing requirements in China.According to Chairman and CEO Robert Ekert, more than 50,000 hours had been spent investigating the issues surrounding the toy recalls. â€Å"We apologise again to everyone affected and prom ise that we will continue to focus on ensuring the safety and quality of our toys,† he said. [? ] Finally, on September 21 in a meeting in Beijing with Mr. Li Changjiang, the chief Chinese quality official along with a group of reporters, Mr. Thomas Debrowski, a senior Mattel executive, offered an apology to the Chinese people—â€Å"Mattel takes full responsibility for these recalls and apologizes personally to you, the Chinese people, and all of our customers who received the toys†. [? Li also told reporters that the Chinese government shut down operations and revoked the business license of Lee Der Industrial, one of the subcontractors producing the defective Mattel toys (a co-owner of Lee Der Industrial committed suicide shortly after the August recall announcement). [? ] With regard to the unsafe magnet problem, Mattel made several manufacturing changes to better retain magnets in their toys, including longer cure times for adhesives, the use of additional ad hesive, and the use of injection molding to better encapsulate magnets inside toys. The Chinese Manufacturing and Regulatory Environments Companies operating in China are subjected to very few regulations, and have little legal recourse.Foreign firms operating in China try to cover themselves by securing guarantees from their Chinese suppliers that they will follow specific procedures, but they are almost impossible to enforce. In September 2007 Mr. Yan Jiangying of the Chinese State Food and Drug Association admitted that â€Å"†¦supervisory foundations are still very weak†. The oversight of food safety for instance, is split between five ministries resulting in unclear responsibilities. There also tends to be no history of regulatory compliance for Chinese businesses, causing many safety and quality shortcuts to be taken when suppliers are pressured by their customers to reduce prices. With regards to lead paint use, China has laws banning lead paint from consumer prod ucts, but lax regulatory enforcement means these laws are routinely ignored.In a test conducted by the University of Cincinnati from 2004-2007 for example, 38 paint samples from China representing 11 brands were tested and more than 25 percent were found to contain lead levels exceeding the U. S. safe limit of 0. 06 percent. McDonald’s, one of the world’s largest toy buyers, says the problem of lead paint in China is so widespread that their company must monitor paint quality all the way back to the original paint suppliers. Their toy makers must agree to use only McDonald’s approved paint. [? ] Ironically, Chinese cultural norms are often at odds with the way companies are managed, as described earlier with regards to the suicide of Lee Der Industrial’s co-owner.For a number of years, Mattel has used the International Center for Corporate Accountability (ICCA), a non-profit research organization, to conduct audits of its company-managed and third-party C hinese manufacturers to insure compliance with Mattel’s Global Manufacturing Principles (GMP). Mattel’s GMP is shown in Table II. Chinese plant managers are required to complete compliance reports prior to actual field audits. Audits consist of the firm’s accounting practices, confidential one-on-one interviews with employees, an examination of the plant’s policies, procedures and practices with regard to environment, health and safety issues, and inspections of the general maintenance of the manufacturing facilities, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste materials, hygiene issues, and dormitories and recreational facilities.The ICCA provides the audit reports to Mattel, whereby corrective actions are determined in response to the findings. [? ] Mattel’s Ethical and Legal Considerations The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) can exclude from the U. S. market, products failing to comply with applicable regulations or that otherwi se create a substantial risk of injury, including articles containing excessive amounts of hazardous substances. The CPSC may also require the recall, repurchase, replacement, or repair of articles. [? ] Additionally, U. S. Customs & Border Protection (CBP) ensures that goods entering the U. S. are safe for consumers. The CBP has authority detain and exclude any products based on instructions from the CPSC.On August 20, 2007, a class-action lawsuit was filed in Los Angeles County Superior Court against Mattel with regards to the toys with excessive lead paint. This lawsuit sought to have Mattel establish a fund so that parents could be reimbursed for testing their children for lead poisoning (the cost to test for lead poisoning is about $50 per person). A second class-action lawsuit was filed against Mattel on September 27, 2007 in California seeking damages for injuries suffered from swallowing magnets improperly attached to Mattel toy sets. On September 4, 2007, the CPSC began inv estigating whether Mattel knowingly withheld information regarding any safety risks posed by the millions of toys recalled in August.Mattel could be substantially fined if they are found in violation of the Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972, which stipulates that companies must inform the CPSC within 24 hours when they obtain product defect information which could create a health hazard. [? ] The Chinese Toy Industry Today By the end of 2007, the Chinese toy industry was struggling. In Foshan, a major Chinese toy manufacturing hub in Guangdong province, some companies were tightening standards and increasing testing to reassure Western buyers. Others were closing down or looking for less regulated markets. â€Å"It’s very difficult to do business now,† says Ms. Deng Xiling, sales manager at a factory making plastic components for toys.Her company closed its painted-toy division following the Mattel toy recalls and laid-off almost one-third of its workforce, because t hey couldn’t afford the types of product testing Western buyers started requiring. Table IIMattel’s Global Manufacturing Principles[? ] Mattel’s Global Manufacturing Principles (GMP) apply to all parties that manufacture, assemble, license or distribute any product or package bearing any of the Mattel logos. GMP provides guidance and minimum standards for all manufacturing plants, assembly operations and distribution centers that manufacture or distribute Mattel products. GMP requires safe and fair treatment of employees and that facilities protect the environment while respecting the cultural, ethnic and philosophical differences of the countries where Mattel operates.GMP also requires internal and periodic independent monitoring of our performance and our partners performance to the standards. Mattel is committed to executing GMP in all areas of its business and will only engage business partners who share our commitment to GMP. Mattel expects all its business partners to adhere to GMP, and will assist them in meeting GMP requirements. However, Mattel is prepared to end partnerships with those who do not comply. Mattel and its partners will operate their facilities in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Mattel has defined the following overarching principles to which all facilities and partners are required to comply.These principles are dynamic and evolving to continually improve our efforts to ensure on-going protection of employees and the environment. In addition, Mattel has developed a comprehensive and detailed set of underlying procedures and standards that enable us to apply and administer our GMP in the countries where we operate. The procedures and standards are updated and refined on an ongoing basis. 1. Management Systems — Facilities must have systems in place to address labor, social, environmental, health and safety issues. 2. Wages and Working Hours — Employees must be paid for all hours worked. Wages for regular and overtime work must be compensated at the legally mandated rates. Wages must be paid in legal tender and at least monthly.Working hours must be in compliance with country and Mattel requirements. Regular and overtime working hours must be documented, verifiable and accurately reflect all hours worked by employees. Overtime work must be voluntary. Employees must be provided with rest days in compliance with country and Mattel Requirements. Payroll deductions must comply with applicable country and Mattel requirements. 3. Age Requirements — All employees must meet the minimum age for employment as specified by country and Mattel requirements. 4. Forced Labor – Employees must be employed of their own free will. Forced or prison labor must not be used to manufacture, assemble or distribute any Mattel products. 5.Discrimination – The facility must have policies on hiring, promotion, employee rights and disciplinary practices that address discrim ination. 6. Freedom of Expression and Association — The facility must recognize all employees’ rights to choose to engage in, or refrain from, lawful union activity and lawful collective bargaining through representatives selected according to applicable law. Management must create formal channels to encourage communications among all levels of management and employees on issues that impact their working and living conditions. 7. Living Conditions — Dormitories must be separated from production and warehouse buildings.Dormitories and canteens must be safe, sanitary and meet the basic needs of employees. 8. Workplace Safety — The facility must have programs in place to address health and safety issues that exist in the workplace. 9. Health — First aid and medical treatment must be available to all employees. Monitoring programs must be in place to ensure employees are not exposed to harmful working conditions. 10. Emergency Planning — The fac ility must have programs and systems in place for dealing with emergencies such as fires, spills and natural disasters. Emergency exit doors must be kept unlocked at all times when the building is occupied. Emergency exits must be clearly marked and free of obstructions. 11.Environmental Protection — Facilities must have environmental programs in place to minimize their impact on the environment. Discussion Questions 1. Was Mattel’s response to the toy recalls appropriate? Why or why not? How could the company have responded differently? 2. What should Mattel’s responsibility be to their Chinese supplier-partners? 3. Read Mattel’s Global Manufacturing Principles (GMP) shown in Table II. Should anything else be added to their GMP? 4. What are the ethical, legal and reputation issues that need to be addressed by Mattel? Was Mattel acting correctly to publicly apologize and take responsibility for the design errors and lack of oversight? 1] This case was pre pared solely to provide material for student discussion and does not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The author may have disguised certain names and other information to protect confidentiality. [i] Zamiska, N. and N. Casey, â€Å"Toy Makers Face Dilemma Over Supplier,† Wall Street Journal, August 17, 2007, p. A10. [ii] Spencer, J. and N. Casey, â€Å"Toy Recall Shows Challenge China Poses to Partners,† Wall Street Journal, August 3, 2007, p. A1. [iii] Casey, N. and N. Zamiska, â€Å"Mattel Does Damage Control After New Recall,† Wall Street Journal, August 15, 2007, p. B1. [iv] Schuman, J. , â€Å"The Morning Brief: Lead Paint + Elmo = Bad News for China,† Wall Street Journal Online, August 3, 2007. [v] 2007 Mattel, Inc. Annual Report. [vi] Steverman, B. â€Å"Mattel: More Tribulations in Toyland,† Business Week Online, September 6, 2007, p. 12. [vii] â€Å"Business: Plenty of Blame to Go Ar ound; Chinese Manufacturing,† The Economist, V. 382, No. 8548, 2007, pp. 78. [viii] Lindner, M. , â€Å"Mattel Takes Its Lumps for toxic Toys,† Forbes. com, September 21, 2007. [ix] Spencer, J. and N. Casey. [x] 2007 Mattel, Inc. website www. mattel. com/about us/corporate responsibility. [xi] 2007 Mattel, Inc. Annual Report. [xii] Luk, S. and E. Wong, â€Å"Risks Faced by China-based Toy Manufacturers,† China Law & Practice, November 2007, p. 1. [xiii] 2007 Mattel, Inc. website www. mattel. com/about us/corporate responsibility.

Tonsillitis: Virus and Age Group

Tonsillitis is an infection or inflammation of the tonsils. The main reason for your tonsils is to help stop bacteria and infection from entering any further into the body. In tonsillitis, the tonsils are enlarged, red, and often coat almost or all the way by a substance that is yellow, gray, or white. Tonsillitis usually occurs as part of pharyngitis (throat infection). Tonsillitis usually begins with sudden sore throat and painful swallowing. Sometimes, tonsillitis reoccurs, and may cause difficulty breathing.When this happens the doctor will recommend an operation called tonsillectomy. This is where the doctor removed your tonsils to prevent any further damage. Children from ages 5 to 15 are more likely to catch tonsillitis than an adult because it is caused it is most commonly caused by streptococcus species otherwise known as step throat, which is typically found in children of that age group. It is very rare to find children under the age of 2 years old to catch this infection and patient history is sometimes helpful when trying to identify the strand of tonsillitis the patient has.Most of the time tonsillitis is caused by viruses, the rest of the time it is caused by the same bacteria that causes strep throat (streptococcus). Bacteria causes 15-30% of pharyngotonsillitis cases. Pharyngotonsillitis is a medical condition characterized by an inflammation of both the tonsils and the pharynx (located at the back of the throat). It occurs due to viral or bacterial infections. In rare cases a fungus or parasite can also cause tonsillitis. Other common causes are Adenoviruses, Influenza virus, Herpes Simplex virus and Enteroviruses.There are 4 types of Tonsillitis. Acute Tonsillitis is an acute inflammation of the tonsillar tissue. Children are mostly affected and this ordinary simple disease can sometime lead to serious complications. Recurrent Tonsillitis occurs when the patient has acute tonsillitis multiple times a year. This usually ends in having the tons ils removed which is called tonsillectomy. Chronic Tonsillitis happens when the patient has chronic sore throat, halitosis (bad breath) and persistently tender cervical nodes.Peritonsillar Abscess occurs when the patent often has severe throat pain,  fever, drooling, foul breath, trismus (difficulty opening mouth), and muffled voice qualities such as hot potato voice. Diagnosis is made on the basis of the clinical symptoms. Inspection of the mouth and throat shows visibly enlarged tonsils. They are usually redden and may have white spots on them. The lymph nodes of the jaw and neck may be enlarged and tender to the touch. A culture of the tonsils maybe taken to identify bacterial infection. Tonsillitis is usually treated with a regimen of antibodies. Fluid replacement and pain control are important. Hospitalization may be required if the case is severe enough to preform tonsillectomy.Like when the infection has causes the tonsils to swell up so much that they block the airways. Th e medical assistant’s job is to do a general ear, nose and throat exam, Review patient’s medical history and schedule any tests or x-rays needed for the doctor. When the operation is scheduled if needed the medical assistant must call the day before to make sure the patient has or is following the doctor’s sed. orders before surgery. And after the surgery the M. A. is to teach and explain all the instructions the Doctor has ordered for the patient’s full recovery.

Metallic Character Properties and Trends

Metallic Character Properties and Trends Not all metallic elements are alike, but all share certain qualities. Here youll find what is meant by the metallic character of an element and how metallic character changes as you move across a period or down a group in the periodic table. What Is Metallic Character? Metallic character is the name given to the set of chemical properties associated with elements that are metals. These chemical properties result from how readily metals lose their electrons to form cations (positively charged ions). Physical properties associated with metallic character include metallic luster, shiny appearance, high density, high thermal conductivity, and high electrical conductivity. Most metals are malleable and ductile and can be deformed without breaking. Although many metals are hard and dense, there is actually a wide range of values for these properties, even for elements that are considered highly metallic. Metallic Character and Periodic Table Trends There are trends in metallic character as you move across and down the periodic table. Metallic character decreases as you move across a period in the periodic table from left to right. This occurs as atoms more readily accept electrons to fill a valence shell than lose them to remove the unfilled shell. Metallic character increases as you move down an element group in the periodic table. This is because electrons become easier to lose as the atomic radius increases, where there is less attraction between the nucleus and the valence electrons because of the increased distance between them. Recognizing Elements With Metallic Character You can use the periodic table to predict whether or not an element will display metallic character, even if you dont know anything about it. Heres what you need to know: Metallic character is displayed by metals, which are all on the left-hand side of the periodic table. The exception is hydrogen, which is a nonmetal under ordinary conditions. Even hydrogen behaves as a metal when its a liquid or solid, but you should consider it nonmetallic for most purposes.Elements with metallic character occur in certain groups or columns of elements, including the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals (including the lanthanide and actinides below the main body of the periodic table), and the basic metals. Other categories of metals include base metals, noble metals, ferrous metals, heavy metals,  and precious metals.  The metalloids display some metallic character, but this group of elements also has nonmetallic properties. Examples of Elements With Metallic Character Metals that display their character well include: francium (element with highest metallic character)cesium (next highest level of metallic character)sodiumcoppersilverirongoldaluminum Alloys and Metallic Character Although the term metallic character is typically applied to pure elements, alloys may also display metallic character. For example, bronze and most alloys of copper, magnesium, aluminum, and titanium typically display a high level of metallicity. Some metallic alloys consist purely of metals, but most also contain metalloids and nonmetals yet retain the properties of metals.